The Reality Of Cornflower Skies free essay sample

When I looked up at the sky one fateful day ten years ago, a woman in a long wool skirt and v-neck sweater (trademark of the small private school I attended) said the sky was blue. I thought it looked a bit like the color of the cornflowers I put in my hair come spring. The color above seemed so much more elaborate than a plain, flat blue-colored plane, so I just nodded my head at her answer still thinking cornflower was the way to go that particular morning. Later on in the years I spent wearing gray and blue plaid skirts, I learned a lot of things I nodded to, but disagreed with. The whole fuss of finding the different object in our glossy workbooks of knowledge bothered me. Often I, myself, felt like that square in a line of circles, and I enjoyed it because it was an adventure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reality Of Cornflower Skies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I looked at my own scarlet-colored dress shoes on dress-up days, glanced at all the other girls wearing nearly identical black patent leather, and smiled because the color amused me. It was as if I was the only one who understood the beauty of cornflower skies and scarlet shoes. The other girls put an X over me, just like Sister Lilian had us do in our math books when there was a pear in line with a row of apples. I never liked the idea of defacing the object that separated the boring pattern of mass-produced likeness, and it was always a tough chore swallowing down the X over me, but l nodded and did my math, and I nodded and wore the scarlet shoes. The different viewpoint I had separated me from the other girls and their club behind the big oak tree in the schoolyard. I saw their black patent leather shoes through the years peer out at me, and I longed for company, so I picked up a book of poems one day and made friends with all of the characters with fondness for color who would say that the sky was cornflower, or violet, or something other than the plain flat blue the girls behind the tree saw. And those girls hung out at the malls and their friends bedrooms, putting on mak-eup and talking about the issues one hears on a weekly TV teen show. I started to make friends with them, nodded to their empty conversation, and found my way home to my room or to the beach outside my house, to sit with my current book to read reverently, thinking in color and saying aloud the fancy words the girls behind the tree never used. Almost four years have passed since I graduated from that little school and moved on to the huge world of public education. I have found that there are others like me, who see the world painted in different tones and colors. My view of the world continues to expand as I open up to these people and places who each have their story to tell, and a different sky to view. Soon Ill be done with high school, still wearing my scarlet shoes and gazing into the cornflower sky of my own reality. With my history studies and my memorization of algebraic equations, perhaps I will also carry around something more important than just the knowledge I nodded to and learned in classes. Perhaps I will have retained the desire to touch, taste, and wonder about knowledge, never wanting to deface anything simply because some educated person says it doesnt belong.

The Longevity of the Persian Empire

The Longevity of the Persian Empire The original Persian (or Achaemenid) empire, as established by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century B.C., only lasted approximately 200 years until the death of Darius III in 330 B.C., following his defeat by Alexander the Great. The core territories of the empire were then ruled by Macedonian dynasties, primarily the Seleucids, until the late 2nd century BC. During the early 2nd century B.C., however, the Parthians (who were not Persians but rather descended from a branch of the Scythians) set up a new kingdom in eastern Iran, originally in a breakaway province of the Seleucid empire. Over the next half-century, they gradually took over much of the rest of what had once been Persian-controlled territory, adding Media, Persia, and Babylonia to their holdings. Roman writers of the early imperial period sometimes refer to this or that emperor going to war with Persia, but this is really a poetic or archaic way of referring to the Parthian kingdom. Sassanid Dynasty The Parthians (also referred to as the Arsacid dynasty) remained in control until the early 3rd century A.D., but by that time their state was seriously weakened by in-fighting and they were overthrown by the native Persian Sassanid dynasty, who were militant Zoroastrians. According to Herodian, the Sassanids laid claim to all the territory once ruled by the Achaemenids (much of which was now in Roman hands) and, at least for propaganda purposes, decided to pretend that the 550 years since the death of Darius III had never happened! They continued to whittle away at Roman territory for the next 400 years, eventually coming to control most of the provinces once ruled by Cyrus et al. This all fell apart, however, when the Roman emperor Heraclius launched a successful counter-invasion in A.D. 623-628, which threw the Persian state into total chaos from which it never recovered. Shortly afterward, the Muslim hordes invaded and Persia lost its independence until the 16th century when the Safavid dynasty came to power. Facade of Continuity The Shahs of Iran maintained the pretense of an unbroken continuity from the days of Cyrus, and the last one holding a huge pageant in 1971 to celebrate the 2500th anniversary of the Persian empire, but he wasnt fooling anyone familiar with the history of the region. While the Persian Empire seems to have eclipsed all others, Persia was a great power in 400 B.C. and controlled much of the Ionian coast. We also hear of Persia much later at the time of Hadrian and, by all accounts, Rome avoided prolonged conflict with this rival power.

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case - Essay Example The action the farmer took to detain him while calling and waiting for the sheriff does not qualify the case to be classified under false imprisonment. The farmer detained the plaintiff in order to go and call the sheriff who was to act as a judge in this particular situation hence no false imprisonment. The law applied in this scenario is the tort law of false imprisonment. This law protects personal interests when it comes to freedom against restraint of movement. According to this tort, the plaintiff must be confined consciously and within boundaries. For it to however qualify as a false imprisonment, force must have been used and improper assertion of legal authority (Statsky 51). This case is similar to that of Herbst because in both cases, the detention of the plaintiffs was done as an effort to enable the defendant call the authority to solve the case prior to the detention of the plaintiffs. Before the detention, the plaintiffs in both cases were informed of the reason for the detention and what action was to be taken. In both cases also, the plaintiffs had invaded private property without announcing themselves first and without any permission hence according to the law, they were trespassing and therefore deserved to be detained by the owners of the properties pending further legal action by law enforcers (Statsky 52). The case is however different from that of Dupler. This is because Dupler had been given prior warning of the decision she was going to make after being relieved of the duties at the firm. She had been given a dichotomous answer and the refusal to resign led her to be sacked (Statsky 50). It is also different in that her detainers were her former boss and workmates and not strangers and she had not trespassed any property like the situation with the above mentioned two cases. Unlike the other two scenarios before, Dupler had been

Individual Research Repor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual Research Repor - Essay Example It achieves that by various cost cutting strategies that hinders the human resource practices in Wal-Mart. It tries to builds its low cost on the employment policies by achieving extraordinarily low costs on the employment. In order to maintain its competitive advantage Wal-Mart incorporates various low cost HR practices. It has tried to cut down cost right from the time of hiring by recruiting large number of employees and not only that by violating cheap child labour and the minors. The cheap price of acquiring such labours give them more of cost competitiveness than its competitors. Wal-Mart has even been seen showing discrimination towards employees who has certain disabilities, though such people may have the appropriate skills but they would be more costly for the firm. Wal-Mart has set high demand standards which have forced the workers to work beyond their normal working hours. They even show discrimination towards women working in their organization by denying them promotion s, and at times even paying them less compared to men. They are even demoted if they complain just for the reason that Wal-Mart has to maintain cost reduction than its competitor. There is not an effective pay and reward model followed by Wal-Mart that would in turn help the employees to remain motivated. Wal-Mart follows its low cost strategy by cutting down the cost on wages every year. It pays very less wages to its Chinese labours. Wal-Mart maintains very low employee relation by not even providing them with proper healthcare facilities. The works have to pay 36% of the premium cost for the health insurance as the company does not bear any additional cost in order to follow its low cost strategy. Wal-Mart has down the line exploited its workers which in turn will reduce the dedication and loyalty of these employees towards the company. A less satisfied employee will not perform above the mark to deliver appropriate profits for the company. As Wal-Mart is on

The US financial crisis of 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The US financial crisis of 2008 - Essay Example It is not easy to identify the precise cause of the crisis. There were a number of factors that contributed to the crisis. The combination of the diverse factors led to a toxic potent mix that eventually reached a tipping point in September 2008, heralding the beginning of the full-blown financial crisis. The causes of the crisis can be divided into two. In the first group, there are long term structural problems within the US economy. These were deeper latent issues that existed for some time with seemingly no ill effects to the economy. The first was too much debt. From 1980 to 2007, the total debt per person in the country rose from just below US $ 4 000 to around US $ 30 000 (Federal debt per person US 1). The perception that the housing market had perfect price inelasticity fuelled the debt accumulation. Americans using the value of their homes for refinancing believed the value of their homes will continue rising without affecting the demand for housing. This debt levels were t oo high for a healthy economy. The looming structural deficits also played a role. Medicare and Social Security off-balance sheet debt was likely to increase the US insolvency, reducing investor confidence on the country. The US has had trade deficits consistently for some time. The deficits are mostly because of the dollar having a reserve currency status and undervaluing of the Chinese Yuan. This led to the decline of the US export industry, and the dependent manufacturing base. Internal deficits mirror the external trade deficit. The government cannot borrow indefinitely, and the large internal deficits contributed to the crisis (Jickling 2). The rating agencies had a hand in the crisis. The market relies excessively on the ratings given by the rating agencies. Laws and regulations that allow the use of ratings as a basis for permissible investments buttress this dependence. However, the rating agencies have a poor regulatory framework. The rating agencies are an oligopoly and, d id not provide accurate rating assessments. Some of the AAA ratings given to the subprime mortgage-backed securities were later downgraded to junk status. Rating agencies' failure was due to use of poor economic models, conflicts of interest and poor oversight. The US tax code was also a contributory factor. The tax code is inefficient and has complex rules. It also has tax expenditure subsidies exploited by the suave Wall Street operators. Another factor leading to the outbreak of the financial crisis is deregulation of the financial sector and the markets. The SEC in 2004 liberalized the net capital rule. Consequently, investment bank holding companies were free to run extremely high leverage ratios (Jickling 3). The SEC's Consolidated Supervised Entities meant to police the largest investment banks was an ineffective voluntary program. Other laws, for example, the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA) and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) give financial institutions carte bl anch to undertake risky transactions that were unregulated in a vast scale. The laws placed too much faith in self-regulation and robustness of the market. By 2007, most financial institutions had accumulated large debts with dubious credit worthiness. The deregulation led to the invention of spurious financial instruments that enriched the financial sector at the expense of everybody else. In this category, the

Company and market analysis for Uncle Tobys Company

Company and market analysis for Uncle Tobys Company The Uncle Tobys Company has a long and vibrant history, having gone through several name, location and ownership changes to get it to where it is today. The Uncle Tobys Muesli Bars is the ready to eat product suitable for people of all ages, their philosophy was that improved diet leads to improved health by balance and nutrition. The Uncle Tobys company was originally established as Parsons Bros, in Melbourne by Leonard and George Parsons when they arrived in Australia from England in 1861 and commenced manufacturing John Bull Oats. In 1893, The Uncle Tobys Oats product was introduced to the market by Clifford Love and Co in Sydney and entered the homes hearts and of Australian families, its the first shown as Uncle Tobys products in trade market. In the past hundred years, Uncle Tobys renamed a lot of times until 1989, the company was officially renamed as Uncle Tobys Company, and the stage was set for the birth of the brand we know and love today, Launch of Yoghurt Topps Muesli Ba rs. Uncle Tobys was one of sections of the Goodman Fielder food company, yet was separated by parent company Burns Philp in December 2005. In 2006, Swiss food giant Nestle purchased Uncle Tobys manufacturing facility and brands. SWOT Matrix 6 Marks Product: __Uncle Toby Muesli bars______ Strengths Products have required accreditations Right products, reliability and quality Better product life and durability Good customer loyalty differentiated products Creativity and imagination of staff Weaknesses Customer lists not tested Organisational infrastructure No direct marketing experience Dont have a detailed plan yet Lack of marketing expertise Limited budget Opportunities Local competitors have poor products Could extend to abroad Can surprise competitors Could expand the scale of supplier deals Threats Legislation could impact Taxation is introduced on product Fierce price competition Possible negative publicity Competition from other providers The 4Ps Analysis ¼Ã‚ Product, Price, Place and Promotion Products Several kinds of finest cereal bars as health product for balancing nutrition products. An instant breakfast catering all segments who want health and quick breakfast without preparation. A tasty snack for children and also it could be supplement for older adult to consume. Uncle Tobys Muesli Bars is the wholegrain product. Wholegrain content is important in peoples daily diet; its naturally nutrient can help maintain your familys wellbeing. The products contain wholegrain oats and wheat. These are intact grains, which mean they are slowly digested and contribute to products low glycemic index (GI)*. Uncle Tobys Muesli Bars contain on average 7% of the daily intake for sugar per bar. This means you can enjoy the goodness of wholegrain in a tasty snack as part of a balanced diet. And here are no artificial colours and flavours in the product and they are all source of fibre products. Many of the products in Uncle Tobys range are high in fibre, with an average serving delivering at least 3g of fibre towards your daily requirement of 30g. Some fibres, such as the whole grain wheat can also act as a prebiotic, nourishing your friendly bacteria and helping with digestive balance. The Uncle Tobys Muesli Bars got 3 different types of packages; they are Standard Packs (6 bars/120g), Value Packs (12bars/240g), Value Packs (18bars/360g, WOOLWORTH only). And it also got nut crumble, apricot, choc chips these 3 flavours on CRUNCHY, choc chip, forest fruits, apricot and white choc chip these 4 flavours on CHEWY, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, mango passionfruit and honeycomb these 5 flavours on YOGHURT TOPPS. These means Uncle Tobys Muesli Bars provide different products with different flavours to satisfy the different needs of customers. The variety of products makes the company different from other competitors. The business concentrates on changing the products since new variants or ingredient created that enhance ultimate multisensory food experience for making lots of kind product to satisfy different target markets and maintain original target market loyalty. Price Table 1 Brand Price (per 100g) Carmans AU $ 2.28 Uncle Tobys AU $ 2.16 Nature Valley AU $ 2.14 Cadbury AU $ 2.09 Be Nature AU $ 2.08 Coles AU $ 1.56 Table 1 demonstrates the price of different muesli bars products brand that can be found in COLES. The highest price of brand of muesli bars is Carmans which values AU $2.28 per 100g. The product of Uncle Tobys ranks second high price in COLES (AU $2.16 per 100g) that indicates its price strategy associates with non-price competition. By contrast, the brand of Coles which is the lowest price (AU $1.56 per 100g) stands for price competition. As can be seen from table 1, Uncle Tobys adopts non-price competition strategies. It emphasizes characteristic product features, quality, service, packaging, promotion or other factors to differentiate its product from competing brands rather than focusing on price. Although Uncle Tobys takes non-price competition strategy, the annual sales generates more than US $600 million in terms of retail sales that is not corresponsively in undesirable results (General Mills 2006). In 2001, Uncle Tobys has a yearly turnover of about US $900 million (ITP.net 2005). A little bit higher prices than competitors due to higher product quality, unusual product features and brand reputation but usually get price discount for products. (High price-High quality policy) Place/Distribution The types of marketing channels for Uncle Tobys product is a long-standing channel that producer conveys goods to a wholesalers, then to a retailer, and a retailer sell the product to the consumers. It is the most economical distribution channel for Uncle Tobys to be a long-standing channel as costs is lower than Uncle Tobys performs marketing their products. The product of Uncle Tobys, locates to intensive distribution allots products to customers by a range variable of outlets such as supermarkets and convenience stores. Efficient distribution of Uncle Tobys product is that produces products to Coles, WOLWORTH, 7-11 and other similar supermarkets and outlets. Customers purchase over three-quarters of all groceries in supermarkets. In terms of convenience stores, it extends opening hours and locates in a convenient place that people can purchase product frequently. Beside people can order products form Uncle Tobys Muesli Bars through internet which leads to cost reduction for consumer and supplier and make more convenient to purchase or even buy product directly from manufacture. Promotion Uncle Tobys were working together with the Royal Life Saving Society-Australia with the goal of preventing the drowning deaths of more than 50 children each year. Uncle Tobys invest half million dollars over three years to help teach Australian children how to swim and survive in the water in partnership with Royal Life Saving. As one of Australias top sports sponsors, Uncle Tobys has a solid history of Olympic team sponsorship. From 1988 to 2008 the company was official sponsor of the Australia Olympic Team. Below-the-line promotion: indirect expenditure on promotion refers to those methods of promoting products that do not use direct advertising such as free gift or getting stars to endorse products or news and magazine storles featuring the product. Uncle Tobys also doing the promotion in the supermarket like WOOLWORTH, Coles. They offer the fair price at anytime. Uncle Tobys brand which has developed a reputation for successful above-the-line advertising (TV, radio, poster), that makes Uncle Tobys became the 29th sales in Australia. Physical Evidence The Uncle Tobys name is synonymous with high-quality, great-tasting food the world over, so the promotion for their product always focus on delicious, tasty and high-price get high-quality. More recent years Uncle Tobys was one of the first in food industry to print Guideline Daily Amounts(GDAs) on the packs of product for showing the percentage of the recommended intake of calories, sugar, fat, saturates and salt for each portion of product clearly as Uncle Tobys is being a nutritionist. Hence the products from Uncle Tobys pay more attention on balance nutrition and health eating. Process The manufacturing system includes 3 parts in process: processing, packaging and storing. Packaging and storing- The cereal will be send to packaging area once they passed the quality check and place it into individual box and cases, then transport by conveyer belt to warehouse until they shipped to stores for retail sale. Conclusion The product variable in marketing mix emphasis health and quick cereal breakfast or snack without preparation which fit all ages, it means wide range of target market such as health claim are more popular for everyone, female are shape conscious and convenient food are common now, more price variable pays more attention on the target market who willing to pay a little bit more for higher quality product than competitors but sometime the customer will get reward for loyalty or price discount ( see promotion ).Also this business done well job at boost sales and brand value by using varied promotion methods since this business established, they try to make products available on hand everywhere as well. The buyer for Uncle Tobys Muesli Bar will be parents or older adult and cereal are purchase one of the fastest-moving product in supermarket, also research shows the most influencer are kids. Despite they pay more attention on target market for 8-11 years child, but Uncle Tobys Muesli Bar hard to make product diversify for growing different target markets for increasing profit, they wish their products not only for everybody but also can be consumed in any time, Uncle Tobys Muesli Bar contains comprehensive target markets for example health and instant breakfast for everyone, sweet snack for chide and adult, also supplement for older adult which Uncle Tobys Muesli Bar can be consumed all day in different ways. Successful business use all the tools at their disposal to stay at the top of their chosen market and Uncle Tobys Muesli Bar are able to use a number of business tools properly in order to successful in ready-to-eat cereal market by re-position the brand through the use of marketing mix, return the brand to grow, improve the frequent of purchase and introduce new customers to brand. This business is sound marketer to carefully segment and deliver an outstanding proposition for their customers. The vision and idea from founder Uncle Tobys which strong commitment to nutrition, health and quality driven improvement for their products and process to make Uncle Tobys business being a leader of cereal and snack producer in the world.

Standard of living :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of the U.S., Japan, and China, I think Japan has the best standart of living. The first reason is their health. Life expectancy is how long the people of that country live, or the quality of their health. In Japan, females live to be 83.45, and males live to be 77.13. In the United States, females live to be 79.75, and males live to be 73.04. In China, females live to be 71.9, and males live to be 68.82. Another important factor in health is number of hospital beds. The numer of hospital beds is the access to health care for serious problemes. In first again Japan has one hospital bed for every 74 people. In the China, there is one hospital bed for every 242 people. In the United States, there is one hospital bed for every 243 people. The last thing that proves Japan has the best health is infant mortality rate. This indicates better quality of pre-natal and post-natal care. In Japan 4.05 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday. In the U.S., 6.67 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday. In China, very sadly, 41.14 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday. Another indicator that a counrty has a better standard of livin is a population growth indicator. Population growth determines if a country needs to do something about its population. Population growth rate is how fast a country's population. Japan has a population growht rate of .181%, which is very good. The U.S. has a population growth rate of .55%. And China has a population growth rate of .939%. Another part of population growth indicators is what percent of the population is under 15. Japan is at 14.8%, the U.S. is at 21.2%, and China is at 25.4%. Another indicator of standard of living is access to adequate diet. This is the same thing as infant mortallity rate. Japan is 41.14 out of 1000, the U.S. is at 6.67 out of 1000, and China is at 4.05 out of 1000. Another thing that proves Japan has a better standard of living is education. Years of compusory education is how many years a person is required to go to school. Japan requires 10 years. China and the U.S. require 9 years. Literacy rate is what percent of the population has access to knowledge so they can to basic reading, math, and reading.

Agriculture Education Essay

An interim development plan was prepared for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. It was agreed that the three existing courses in plant-breeding and genetics provided an adequate scientific background in this field and that priority should now go to fruit and vegetable production. To this end, two new courses should be added so that the overall course would include: vegetable growing, vegetable production (two courses) and seed production. – 5- 19. In vegetable growing, in addition to the existing areas of definition, classification, soil and climatic requirements, the Faculty should add rotation, green manuring and kitchen garden cultivation. The two courses in vegetable production would give time for major crops to be dealt with in greater detail and for more practical training. The area in Sind under vegetable cultivation is increasing steadily as farmers realise its value for cash crops, but the yield is still very low. This is due mainly to lack of knowledge and experience (which the agricultural extension services could provide) and a lack of good seed. 2 0. A course in vegetables, fruit and ornamental plant seed production should be offered. Students would learn how to collect, harvest, clean, dry, pack and store seeds and they would study seed dormancy, germination and treatment, together with methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated crops. Postgraduate Curricula 21. The present postgraduate curricula cover horticultural plant nutrition, plant propagation and fruit production (two p arts). This last should be replaced by two new courses : (a) the soil and water relations of horticultural plants; (b) temperature and water relations of horticultural plants. Optional courses should be introduced for M. Sc. students to supply them with additional information needed in their fields of study. Options could include courses on major horticultural crops and general courses on the improvement of horticultural plants, on growth† regulators and on protected cultivation. As most research experiments on vegetables must be conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute at Mirpurkhas, 30 miles away, it was decided that priority should be given to raising vegetable crops at Malir, the university Farm,to provide the Horticultural Department with the facilities needed for research. Vegetable Crops (1) Objectives and Methods 22. The main objectives of the Horticultural Department in growing vegetable crops were to provide practical training for staff, students and labourers; to become familiar with problems of vegetable production in Sind; to evaluate crops and varieties, and seed production. It was planned to start by using two acres in the horticultural garden for growing most of the vegetable crops for practical training, and four acres at Malir Farm for a four-year crop rotation. Winter vegetables, carrots, radishes, turnips, cauliflowers, spinach and beet, were grown in the garden. The local varieties were identified, evaluated, weighed and measured. Promising varieties of radish, carrot and onion could be improved by breeding. All peas and spinach were of poor quality, most of the peas being dwarf types, with an average plant height of only ten – twelve inches. – 6- The spinach varieties were prickly-seeded and, during the shortest winter days, started flowering early. The seed stalks had an extreme male-type of inflorescence. Seed of selected suitable varieties of peas and spinach should be imported. (2) Growing Methods (a) Trailed Tomatoes; 2 4. Trailing tomatoes were tried in the open; local and imported varieties were planted and supported by iron stakes, galvanised wire and plastic string. Students and labourers were trained to tie the vines to strings, to pinch and remove auxiliary shoots and to apply fertilisers. The trial was successful, the plants standing well throughout the season and bearing -heavily. Later, owing to virus diseases on some vines, all plants were removed and burnt. A second trial was begun in the summer, the tomato vines being shaded by luffa plants – ridge gourd (luffa acutangula) and sponge gourd (luffa aegyptica) – the small luffa fruit being edible. (b) Soil-level mulches: 2 5. Cucurbits – bitter gourd (mermodica charanta), tinda or Indian squash (citrullos vulgaris, var fistulosa), tori (luffa s p. ), cucumber and cantalope were grown- early. Seeds were planted on December 21st in hillocks on raised beds covered with clear polyethylene film to form soil-level mulches. Two weeks later, seed emergence was observed, with a minimum temperature o f 6 C. Minimum and maximum temperatures and germination percentages were recorded. (c) Plastic tunnels: 2 6. Plastic walk-in and mini-tunnels were† made of local materials. The mini-tunnels were used for raising nursery plants and for getting tomato, pepper and egg-plant seedlings†¢ They gave high germination percentages and well-established seedlings. The walk-in tunnels were used for trailed tomatoes and for cucumbers, temperature and humidity data being recorded.

Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts Methods and Strategies.

Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts Methods and Strategies. Analysis Defining the specifics of social relationships and analyzing the principles in accordance with which these relationships develop is, perhaps, one of the most complicated tasks for a writer of courtly texts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts: Methods and Strategies. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of a large variety of factors, starting with the complexity of the leadership model adopted by the head of the state, up to the structure of the society in question and the traditions of the time, the means of defining social ranks turns into a major problem. However, with the help of an array of literary tools, the authors of some of the most famous courtly texts, Benvenuto Cellini with his Vita and Baldesar Castiglione in his The Book of the Courtier manage to nail down the specifics of social relationships in a very accurate manner. One of the most fam ous representatives of courtly texts writers, Castiglione used assorted methods of introducing his idea of social ranks in court. Although his concept of social ranks was also largely based on the idea of masculinity, Castiglione used different tools in order to convince the reader in the necessity to follow the principles of gender profiling. The examples of gender based social ranking within the court system can be found throughout the text: â€Å"I bear to women as these ladies think, but for my own good†1. However, some researchers argue that Castiglione was, in fact, the first to suggest that the courtly relationships between men and women should be based on the principles of chivalry, along with the ideas of â€Å"kindness and noble courtesy†2. Therefore, apart from masculinity, nobility principles should be mentioned as the elements required for the court social rankings to base on, Castiglione explained3. Castiglione’s text is a perfect example of humani st principles working their way into the society of the XV century.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another peculiar concept that Castiglione seems to cling to concerns the phenomenon that Bernard4 defined as rhetoric of exemplification. Not only does it allow envisioning the court system in motion, but also link the actual reader and the internal reader. In contrast to Castiglione, Cellini uses more obvious methods to define social ranks. In fact, Cellini disregards the idea of incorporating more subtle literary devices and shifts the emphasis from a slight mimicry of social relationships in his work, as Castiglione suggests, to downright instructing on the principles that social relationships must be based on. When it comes to defining the specifics of Cellini’s writing style, one must give him credit for using the imagery created throughout his work to his advantage. Not only does he mold characters efficiently, but also knows how to use them to make an impression on the reader. One of the most obvious â€Å"instructions† concerns the way in which Cellini envisions male – female relationships. Cellini obviously insists on male superiority, nearly comparing women to objects at some point of his work: â€Å"As a background to the women, there was spread an espalier of natural jasmines in full beauty†5. The given objectification of women often occurs on Cellini’s reminiscences, and is in most cases made by the narrator: â€Å"Now I must make you understand that the woman is mine†6. Another tool used by Cellini in his attempt to describe the system of social ranking within the court system, the transition from an artisan to an artist also deserves a proper mentioning7. In fact, Cellini reinvented the entire concept of being a courtier, stressing the significance of art as the means to separate the p osition of a courtier and any other position that a civilian may possibly take. Finally, such tool as self-representation deserves a thorough scrutiny. Indeed, when considering the approach that Benvenuto Cellini uses to describe the principles of social relationships and the concept of social rank, one will inevitably realize that the author does not analyze the environment that already exists but, instead, molds it in accordance with his vision of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts: Methods and Strategies. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, Cellini resorts to the methods that can be defined as mimesis. When taking a closer look at his work, one will eventually note that Cellini creates a model of social behavior for people to comply with and, therefore, defines the existing social ranks instead of providing his commentary on the already existi ng ones. Though hardly being a literary device, self-representation still makes the structure of social rank seem more palatable, since it allows defining the leader and, therefore, tracing the course of the directions that shape the society and grant its members with particular social ranks. According to Gardner, the given model adds an artistic touch to the strategy chosen by Cellini; she states explicitly that Cellini’s Viva broke new grounds as â€Å"an example of an individual’s attempt to mold his own reputation and historical legacy through a cohesive literary representation of his personality and his art†8. One should give Cellini credit for his idea of using masculinity as the key tool for defining the principles of social ranking. The given tool works rather well in the context of the text, yet hardly seems efficient on its own. Another tool that serves its purpose of defining the specifics of the social stratification of the era and at the same time c onvinces the audience is a careful stylization of the text. It is remarkable that the choice of vocabulary made by the author has stood the test of time successfully: â€Å"the autobiography makes things easy by addressing the reader in a comfortable, if stylized, English [†¦]. A measure of the status of these translations has been the fact that no one ties to replace them with fresh, modern ones†9. Thus, the use of masculinity principles defines the roles that men and women are supposed to take within the court by stressing the necessity for the former to participate within the system, and for the latter to remain a part of the background.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is quite peculiar that the process of objectification of women is practically described in Cellini’s book as he mentions the process of sculpting a lily, which serves as the metonymy for Gismondo’s wife (whose name is actually never mentioned in the book): â€Å"I promised the jewel should be twice as good as the model.†10 Correspondingly, Cellini assumes that women are not supposed to take active part in court meetings, as well as they must not offer and, worse yet, defend their point of view in court; on the contrary, women are viewed as damsels, the pretty faces that are not expected to have any significance of the court processes and course of events. Consequently, the manifestation of the artistic autonomy seems like the next obvious stem in Cellini’s design of social structure within the court. Apart from making it clear that a member of the court has to undergo a transformation from an artisan into an artist, Cellini states that the latter is su pposed to enjoy artistic autonomy for his actions to have a tangible effect on the artist’s subjects. It is worth stressing that Cellini uses a hyperbole to prove his point by claiming that artistic leaders â€Å"made a crown of artistic glory for their city above anything the world had seen†11, which shows that his means of reflecting the social rank were rather harsh and straightforward. The differences in the methods chosen by the authors in question are defined largely by the goals that these authors pursued in writing their books. While Castiglione was clearly trying to shed some light on the events of the epoch and provide a fairly decent account of the latter, Cellini was obviously trying to strengthen his power over the nation even more. As a result, the representation of the social rank in two texts did not quite match, Cellini’s one being more focused on the subordination issue When it comes to defining the differences in the way that Cellini and Casti glione described the social ranks of their time period, it should be mentioned that Castiglione used a wide range of tools that served their own unique purpose and were to reflect the true state of the society. It is obvious that Cellini’s take on the representation of the social ranking in his courtly autobiography is more than obvious – it is a straightforward, in your face manifestation of Cellini’s viewpoint, which is far from being democratic. The author clearly puts his stake on the expressivity of his arguments and the convincingness of his speech, which can be easily traced in the numerous reiterations of certain elements of his argument. The aforementioned masculinity, therefore, ousts the very idea of democratic relationships, as well as democratic attitudes towards women; quite on the opposite, masculinity serves as the means to subdue women to the dominance of men and to subdue any attempts of resistance against it. In many ways, Cellini’s sel f-representation defines the manner in which social ranks were depicted in courtly texts of the time. Castiglione, on the opposite, prefers to express his idea of the court members’ social roles and the position of men and women in court in a more discrete manner12. In addition, Castiglione does not seem to rely on his authority among readers when defining the key principles of social ranking in court. Instead, the author decides to integrate the principle of masculinity, which still remains the key to arranging court’s social ranks, together with the idea of introducing gentlemanly manners, as Hinz defined Castiglione’s strategy13. The given method works rather well with the target audience, even though it lacks the persistence that Cellini’s work has.  Cavallo, in her turn, makes it obvious that Castiglione uses portrait as the key tool in his representation of social ranks in court. In contrast to Cellini, Castiglione adopts – or, at the very least, pretends to adopt – an objective viewpoint by having several narrators in his story and, therefore, drawing a portrait of a courtier by using what is supposed to be several opinions. The efficacy of the given method is amplified by the fact that the narrators do not seem to agree on their visions of a courtier: â€Å"the critics have uncovered tensions on various forms which threaten to disrupt the game and to expose deep rifts under the elegant courtly veneer†14. Defined as the engagement of both the actual reader and the internal reader into the argument, the given method works quite well and is much more subtle than the one that was chosen by Cellini. According to Bernard, â€Å"Hence from the vantage point of the author the limited, indeed parochial, perspective of his texts interlocutors stands in contrast to his own hard-won prudential knowledge† (Bernard 34). However, the aforementioned does not mean that Castiglione disregards the idea of using ma sculinity in his writing. There are evident traces of the chauvinist concepts in his work as well, which signify that the court was still organized in accordance with the idea of male dominance. Nevertheless, Castiglione uses other tools apart from masculinity principle in his work, which can be explained by his lack of certainty regarding the efficacy of masculinity in his persuasion. It should be noted, though, that the given authors were not the only ones who resorted to the integration of masculinity ideas into the principles that the court was guided by; as recent researches show, a number of theorists considered masculinity and the dominance of men in the court as the only legitimate principle that the latter could be organized by. Apart from the concept of masculinity and the gender issue in general, the authors make efficient use of a range of literary devices, including hyperbole and reiterations of the argument throughout the work. However, compared to the aforementioned d istinctive feature of both works, the given devices can be seen as minor ones. Conclusion It would be wrong to assume that the methods of reasoning used by the two authors are impeccable; more to the point, they are rarely objective. However, what one cannot deny these authors with their methods is the efficacy of the latter. Although the emphasis on masculinity as the necessary feature of court social relationships is being stressed by both authors, Cellini seems to be more persistent with his chauvinist concepts, while Castiglione clearly attempts at introducing the elements of chivalry into the courtly relationships between men and women. In addition, Cellini, being obsessed with the idea of power, sees the social ranking system as the means to reinforce his influence among the representatives of the court, thus, stating blatantly that he needs to use the existing court system to his advantage. While the given principle works bizarrely well on the target audience of Cellini, Cast iglione understandably avoids black-and-white judgments, preferring to introduce the principles of courtesy into his system of social rankings. Each work clearly serving its purpose, it can be assumed that the tools used by both writers to represent the concept of social ranking within the court system are fully justified, though not quite appropriate in the XXI century. A product of their time, the given tools perform their social function well enough for their authors to be credited as innovators. Bibliography Bernard, John, ‘Formiamo un Cortegian’: Castiglione and the Aims of Writing,’ MLN 115 (2000), pp. 34–63. Castiglione, Baldesar, Ct. ‘Book of the Courtier,’ in Project Gutenberg http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt. Cavallo, Joan, ‘Joking Matters: Politics and Dissimilation in Castiglione’s Book of the Courier,’ Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000), pp. 402–424. Celli ni, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. Creighton, Gilbert, ‘Cellini’s Other Medium: His Writings and Their Reception,’ Studies in the Decorative Art 14 (2006–2007), pp. 19–25. Gardner, Victoria, ‘Homines non Nascuntur, Sed Figuntur: Benvenuto Cellinis Vita and Self-Presentation of the Renaissance Artist,’ The Sixteenth century Journal 28 (1997), pp. 447–465. Hinz, Manfred, ‘Castiglione, Gracin, and the Foundation of Gentlemanly Manners in Early Modern Europe,’ in Dietmar Schloss, ed. Civilizing America: Manners and Civility in American Literature and Culture (Heidelberg, Germany: Universittsverlag Winter, 2009), pp. 2-18 Richards, Jennifer, ‘Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero,’ Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001), pp. 460-486. Saccone, Eduardo, ‘The Portrai t of the Courtier in Castiglione,’ Italica 64 (1987), pp. 1–18. Footnotes 1 Castiglione, Baldesar, Ct. ‘Book of the Courtier,’ in Project Gutenberg http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt. 2 Castiglione, Baldesar, Ct. ‘Book of the Courtier,’ in Project Gutenberg http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt. 3 Richards, Jennifer, ‘Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero,’ Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001), pp. 460-486 (p. 462). 4 John Bernard, ‘Formiamo un Cortegian’: Castiglione and the Aims of Writing,’ MLN 115 (2000), pp. 34–63 (p. 35). 5 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 6 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gut enberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 7 Gardner, Victoria, ‘Homines non Nascuntur, Sed Figuntur: Benvenuto Cellinis Vita and Self-Presentation of the Renaissance Artist,’ The Sixteenth century Journal, 28 (1997), pp. 447–465. 8 Gardner, Victoria, ‘Homines non Nascuntur, Sed Figuntur: Benvenuto Cellinis Vita and Self-Presentation of the Renaissance Artist,’ The Sixteenth century Journal, 28 (1997), pp. 447–465 (p. 447). 9 Creighton, Gilbert, ‘Cellini’s Other Medium: His Writings and Their Reception,’ Studies in the Decorative Art 14 (2006–2007), pp. 19–25 (p. 19). 10 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 11 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 12 Saccone, Eduardo, ‘The Portrait of t he Courtier in Castiglione,’ Italica, 64 (1987), pp. 1–18 (p. 1). 13 Hinz, Manfred, ‘Castiglione, Gracin, and the Foundation of Gentlemanly Manners in Early Modern Europe,’ in Dietmar Schloss, ed. Civilizing America: Manners and Civility in American Literature and Culture (Heidelberg, Germany: Universittsverlag Winter, 2009), pp. 2-18 (p.2). 14 Cavallo, Joan, ‘Joking Matters: Politics and Dissimilation in Castiglione’s Book of the Courier,’ Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000), pp. 402–424 (p. 402).

Albert Einstien Essays (1644 words) - Albert Einstein, Free Essays

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